Major diseases during pregnancy

 

Introduction 

Pregnancy is a critical period in a woman’s life that involves significant physiological changes. 

While most pregnancies proceed without major complications, certain diseases can pose serious risks to both the mother and the developing fetus. 

Early detection and management of these conditions are essential for ensuring the health of both mother and baby. 

This article discusses some of the major diseases that can affect pregnancy.

1. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (G.D.M)

Overview:

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

 It is characterized by high blood glucose levels that were not present before pregnancy.

Risk Factors:

➡️Obesity

➡️Family history of diabetes

➡️Previous history of G.D.M

➡️Advanced maternal age

Complications:

➡️Large birth weight babies (macrosomia), which can complicate delivery

➡️Increased risk of cesarean section

Management:

➡️Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels

➡️Dietary modifications

➡️Physical activity

➡️Insulin therapy, if necessary

2. Preeclampsia

Overview:

Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. 

It occurs begining of 20 weeks or late during pregnancy.

Risk Factors:

➡️First pregnancy

➡️Multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.)

➡️History of preeclampsia

➡️Chronic hypertension or kidney disease

Complications:

➡️Preterm birth

➡️Placental abruption

➡️Organ damage in the mother

➡️Eclampsia (seizures)

Management:

➡️Regular prenatal visits for blood pressure monitoring

➡️Medication to manage high blood pressure

➡️Monitoring of fetal growth and well-being

➡️Early delivery if the condition is severe

3. Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Overview:

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a drastic form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that comes after prolong morning sickness.

Risk Factors:

➡️Previous history of hyperemesis gravidarum

➡️Multiple pregnancies

➡️Molar pregnancy

Complications:

➡️Severe dehydration

➡️Nutritional deficiencies

➡️Weight loss

Management:

➡️Hospitalization for intravenous (IV) fluids and nutrition

➡️Medications to control nausea and vomiting

➡️Dietary adjustments

4. Infections

Overview:

Certain infections can be very dangerous during pregnancy and can affect both mother and the fetus.

Common Infections:

Toxoplasmosis: Can result in fetal developmental issues if contracted during pregnancy.

Rubella (German measles): Can cause congenital rubella syndrome, leading to severe birth defects.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Can lead to hearing loss and developmental delays in the fetus.

Management:

➡️Screening and early detection

➡️Appropriate antibiotic or antiviral treatments

5. Thyroid Disorders

Overview:

Thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, can complicate pregnancy if not properly managed.

Risk Factors:

➡️Pre-existing thyroid conditions

➡️Family history of thyroid disease

Complications:

➡️Preterm birth

➡️Low birth weight

➡️Miscarriage

➡️Developmental issues in the baby

Management:

➡️Regular monitoring of thyroid function

➡️Medication adjustments to maintain normal thyroid levels

➡️Close collaboration with an endocrinologist

Conclusion

Pregnancy is a time of great joy but also requires vigilance and proactive healthcare. Regular prenatal care is essential for the early detection and management of diseases that can complicate pregnancy. 

With appropriate medical support, most women can manage these conditions effectively, ensuring a healthier outcome for both mother and baby.